___Workshops and Courses
ACP
2011 will feature workshops and courses led and taught by experts from around the world.
Planned Course topics include:
Sunday 13 November
13:30-15:30
Spectrum-and Energy-Efficient Optical Transport Networks
Organizers:
Gangxiang Shen, Soochow Univ. (China)
Lena Wosinska, Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden)
Jing Wu, Communications Research Centre (CRC) (Canada)
Qi Yang, FiberHome (China)
To support 40% annual increase of Internet traffic (data from Cisco’s recent report), as the backbone of the Internet, optical transport networks need to keep on increasing capacity in a cost-effective manner, which requires to improve capacity utilization (or spectrum efficiency) and energy efficiency of optical transmission. For better spectrum efficiency, researchers are proposing to remove the constraint or limitation of the traditional ITU-T fixed frequency grids to allow the center frequency and allocated bandwidth (or bit-rate) of an optical channel to be assigned arbitrarily. The recent progresses of coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM/O-OFDM) optical transmission technology and bandwidth-flexible reconfigurable add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs) have laid key foundation to enable spectrum-efficient optical networks. Moreover, there is an increasing concern on the sustainability of optical transport network from energy consumption point of view. Various energy saving strategies such as optical bypass, network equipment turn off or sleep, and adaptive transponder bit-rates have been widely proposed and evaluated to save energy consumption of optical transport networks. High spectrum efficiency and energy efficiency are widely considered one of the most important and urgent research topics for optical transport networks in these days.
This workshop aims to harvest the recent progresses on these two most important research topics. Opinions from both
academia and industry (including operators, component, and equipment vendors) will be sought for a broad ranging debate. Specifically, the following (but not limited to) research issues will be discussed:
• Is it worth of implementing spectrum- and/or energy-efficient strategies?
• Energy efficient network design and provisioning
• Cross-layer optimization for energy efficiency
• Energy-efficient network protocols and control
• Spectrum-efficient and/or energy-efficient network architectures
• Impact of new transmission technologies such as multi-bit-rate transmitters and CO-OFDM coherent transmission on the spectrum-and energy-efficient optical networks
• Planning, modeling and optimization of the spectrum-and energy-efficient optical networks
• Energy-saving strategies such as optical bypass, equipment turn off or sleep, etc. and use of renewable energy
• How spectrum efficient transmission technology can help reduce energy consumption?
Workshop format: invited talks followed by panel discussion
Workshop duration: 2~2.5 hours
Invited Presentations:
“Improving the energy efficiency of the network”
Rodney S. Tucker, Melbourne Univ. (Australia),
“Role of optical technologies to create future transport networks”
Ken-ichi Sato, Nagoya Univ. (Japan)
“Spectrum, cost and energy efficiency in next generation fixed-grid and grid-less core optical networks”
Ioannis Tomkos, Athens Information Technology Ctr. (Greece)
“Spectrum and Energy Efficient Elastic Optical Networking”
Masahio Jinno, NTT (Japan)
"BV control plane: experimental results from Tsinghua optical network platform"
Xiaoping Zheng, Tsinghua Univ. (China)
Sunday 13 November
16:00-18:30
Spectrally Efficient and Energy-Efficient Optical Transport Systems and Subsystems
(Organized by ACP3: Optical Transmission Systems, Subsystems, and Technologies)
S. Chandrasekhar, Bell Labs., Alcatel-Lucent (USA)
William Shieh, Univ. of Melbourne (Australia)
Tiejun Xia, Verizon Communications (USA)
To support over 40% annual increase of Internet traffic, optical transport systems, as the backbone of the Internet, need to keep on increasing capacity in a cost-effective manner, which calls for improved performance in both spectral and energy efficiency. For better spectral efficiency, new technologies such as high-level modulation formats, high-speed superchannel formation, and flexible-bandwidth reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs) have been recently introduced.
With the advance in high-speed electronics, high-level modulation formats such as polarization-division multiplexed (PDM) QPSK and QAM formats have been enabled by digital coherent detection. Optical superchannel formation based on coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) or Nyquist WDM enables the optical channel data rates to exceed the limitation of electronics. Flexible-bandwidth ROADMs allow these superchannels to be transparently routed in optical mesh networks, and potentially further increase system spectral efficiency by removing the constraint of the traditional ITU-T fixed frequency grids. These new technologies may form the key foundation for future high spectral-efficiency optical systems. In the mean time, there is a big concern on the sustainability of optical transport systems from energy consumption point of view: it is estimated that in 2010 the Internet consumed about 0.5% of the world’s electricity supply, and in 2020 such a percentage would dramatically increase if we continue ‘business-as-usual’ approaches. Various energy saving strategies such as optical bypass and adaptive transponder bit-rates have been widely proposed and evaluated to save energy consumption of the optical transport systems. Achieving high spectral efficiency and energy efficiency is widely considered as one of the most important and urgent research topics for optical transport systems and subsystems.
This workshop aims to review recent progresses in this area. Opinions from both academia and industry (including operators,
component, and equipment vendors) will be sought for a wide-ranging debate. Specifically, the following subjects will be discussed in a 2.5-hour session. Workshop format: invited talks given by experts in this field followed by open discussions and Q&A.
• High-level modulation and digital coherent detection
• Generation and detection of high-spectral-efficiency superchannels
• Software—defined transponders that can adapt to capacity demands and link conditions
• Flexible-bandwidth ROADMs
• Photonic integration for compact and energy-efficient realization of superchannels
• Space-division multiplexed systems
Invited Presentations:
“Trend of optical high-speed transmission”
Peter Winzer, Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent (USA)
“Spectrum and energy efficiency in coherent era”
Seb Savory, University College London (United Kingdom)
“Low-overhead OFDM“
David Plant, McGill University (Canada)
“Theoretical basis for all optical OFDM transmissions“
J. K. Rhee, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (Korea, Republic of)
“Space-multiplexed transmission for spectrum and energy efficiency”
Peter Krummrich, Dortmund University of Technology (Germany)
“Is space-multiplexed transmission energy-efficient?”
Clemens Koebele, Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent (France)
“Silicon photonics for spectrum and energy efficient communications”
Thomas L. Koch, Lehigh University (USA)
Sunday 13 November
15:45-18:15
Next Generation Optical Access Technologies and Architectures (NGOA)
Organizers:
Dirk Breuer, Deutsche Telekom AG, Labs. (Germany)
Co-organizers:
Lena Wosinska and Jiajia Chen, Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden)
Fixed access networks are expected to be subject to significant changes in the near future. Current networks were built and optimized based on the capabilities of the available copper cables. Since the physical characteristics of optical fibres, especially low attenuation, and high bandwidth allow for larger areas to be served from single access node new network architectures could be envisioned. Also from an operational perspective it is expected that NGOA will enable reduction of operational expenditures. However, there is a very high cost barrier involved in deployment of optical access networks, which is determining the deployment strategies and technology choices.
This workshop will focus on the main trends in optical access networks with respect to architecture and technology aspects and associated cost drivers. From the technology point of view different options will be considered, such as active and passive optical
network approaches with different scaling limitations in terms of served customers and reach. Fixed-mobile convergence related aspects will also be highlighted. Future evolution scenarios will be elaborated and possible research directions and future access network paradigms will be outlined, motivated and discussed by expert speakers from industry, standardization and academia.
INVITED PRESENTATIONS:
“Technical Trend in Energy-Effi cient Optical Access System”
Susumu Nishihara, NTT Access Network Service Systems Laboratories (Japan)
“Application of WDM-based PON architectures for next-generation optical access using streetaware infrastructure planning”
Achim Autenrieth, ADVA AG Optical Networking (Germany)
“Techno-economic evaluation of WDM-based architectures for next-generation optical access”
Carmen Mas Machuca, Technical Univ. Munich (Germany)
“Distributed, Extendible Heterogeneous Radio Architectures supported by Fiber Optic Networks”
Paulo Pereira Monteiro, Nokia Siemens Network (Portugal)
“Value-Added Service Requirement and Solution of existing ODN”
Xiaoping Zhou, Huawei, China
“NGPON2 solutions to meet future BW and non-BW drivers”
Xiaopeng Lv, ALU (China)
Title TBD, Shoichi Hanatani,
Hitachi (Japan)
Proposal for general workshop concept:
Duration of the
workshop: half day workshop (3-4hours)
Duration per talk: (15 minutes) (10 min/5 min; presentation/discussion). A closing panel discussion will reflect on the key research challenges and practical deployment issues.
Potentials talks:
· operators
· industry
· academia/research
Sunday 13 November
13:30-18:00
Silicon Photonics
Organizer:
Zhiping Zhou, Peking Univ. (China)
Haisheng Rong, Intel (USA)
Silicon Photonics, a technology using silicon as a material platform to develop and fabricate optoelectronic devices, has drawn great attention in recent years due to its promise of cost-effective optoelectronic integration using existing, high-volume CMOS fabrication technology. The main drive for the rapid development of silicon photonics has been its application in energy-efficient, high-speed optical communications and interconnects for high performance computing systems. In the past decade, major silicon photonics building blocks have been developed and proven viable for these high-speed applications. At the same time, other unique optical properties of silicon have been employed for biomedical sensing, nonlinear optics, as well as mid infrared applications. The silicon photonics market is expected to grow even fast in the next decade, however, many challenges still remain. This workshop is to provide a forum for international experts to present and discuss their vision, recent progresses, and future challenges of Silicon Photonics and its applications. A series of invited presentations, covering a variety of subjects, are scheduled for this half-day workshop.
Invited Presentations:
"An Introduction to Silicon Photonics and a brief history of the field"
Graham Reed, Univ. of Surrey (United Kingdom)
"Toward full sensitization in Er doped Si-rich silicon nitride"
Jung H. Shin, KAIST (Republic of Korea)
“Silicon photonics in Germany: activities of the DFG-funded research unit No.653”
Ernst Brinkmeyer, Technische Univ. Hamburg-Harburg (Germany)
“Hybrid integration for complete photonic integration”
Alex Fang, Aurrion, Inc. (USA)
“Silicon microring sensors”
Zhiping Zhou, Peking Univ. (China)
"Application of Ge/Si devices for Silicon Photonics"
Dong Pan, SiFotonics (China)
Additional Invited Speakers:
Thomas Koch, Lehigh Univ. (USA)
Kazumi Wada, Univ. of Tokyo (Japan)
Sunday 13 November
13:30-15:30
SC1: Photonics CAD and Applications
Organizers:
Wei-Ping Huang, McMaster Univ. (Canada)
Chenglin Xu, RSoft Design Group, Inc. (USA)
After more than 20 years development, photonics CAD has become an indispensable tool for students, researchers, and engineers in the photonics field. Despite the fact that the photonics CAD still in its primitive stage in comparison with its counterparts in microelectronics and microwaves, the field is rapidly evolving with technical innovations and practical applications. With the help of commercial and proprietary CAD software, one can visualize the physical phenomena easily, optimize the device performance practically, and even inspire some new ideas and inventions.
This short course is offered by two highly accomplished individuals whose early research and commercialization work have
had significant impact on the development of photonics CAD today. The course is structured in two parts, namely, theories and applications. The theory will offer a high-level intuitive review of the underlying mathematical models and numerical techniques. In particular, a powerful hierarchical model for photonics CAD will be discussed. It decomposes a large and complex problem into a number of small and simple problems at different levels, namely material, waveguide, device, and circuit. The benefits and the detail structure of the hierarchical model, as well as the links between different levels will be explained. The underline algorithms used at different levels will be described.
In the second application part, the available software products on the market will be reviewed first. The focus will be their applications, including both conventional applications, such as waveguide couplers, filters, resonators, as well as some latest new applications, such as surface plasmonics, negative index materials, photonic crystal, solar cell, and LED, etc. The first-hand experiences will be shared and subtleties for different applications will be addressed.
Benefits and Learning Objectives
• Gain general knowledge about the methodology in photonics CAD
• Understand the basics of different algorithms and their applicable scopes
• Get an overall picture about the current photonics CAD market and available products and have a general idea about their capabilities and applications
• See examples in different application areas, both conventional and new
• Carry on your own simulation by determining solution strategy and simulation tools
Intended Audience
• Students who are learning the fundamental of photonics
• Professors who are teaching photonics by visualizing the phenomena
• Researchers who are exploring novel ideas
• Engineers who are optimizing their designs
Sunday 13 November
13:30-15:30
Spectrum-and Energy-Efficient Optical Transport Networks
Organizers:
Gangxiang Shen, Soochow Univ. (China)
Lena Wosinska, Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden)
Jing Wu, Communications Research Centre (CRC) (Canada)
Qi Yang, FiberHome (China)
To support 40% annual increase of Internet traffic (data from Cisco’s recent report), as the backbone of the Internet, optical transport networks need to keep on increasing capacity in a cost-effective manner, which requires to improve capacity utilization (or spectrum efficiency) and energy efficiency of optical transmission. For better spectrum efficiency, researchers are proposing to remove the constraint or limitation of the traditional ITU-T fixed frequency grids to allow the center frequency and allocated bandwidth (or bit-rate) of an optical channel to be assigned arbitrarily. The recent progresses of coherent optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (CO-OFDM/O-OFDM) optical transmission technology and bandwidth-flexible reconfigurable add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs) have laid key foundation to enable spectrum-efficient optical networks. Moreover, there is an increasing concern on the sustainability of optical transport network from energy consumption point of view. Various energy saving strategies such as optical bypass, network equipment turn off or sleep, and adaptive transponder bit-rates have been widely proposed and evaluated to save energy consumption of optical transport networks. High spectrum efficiency and energy efficiency are widely considered one of the most important and urgent research topics for optical transport networks in these days.
This workshop aims to harvest the recent progresses on these two most important research topics. Opinions from both
academia and industry (including operators, component, and equipment vendors) will be sought for a broad ranging debate. Specifically, the following (but not limited to) research issues will be discussed:
• Is it worth of implementing spectrum- and/or energy-efficient strategies?
• Energy efficient network design and provisioning
• Cross-layer optimization for energy efficiency
• Energy-efficient network protocols and control
• Spectrum-efficient and/or energy-efficient network architectures
• Impact of new transmission technologies such as multi-bit-rate transmitters and CO-OFDM coherent transmission on the spectrum-and energy-efficient optical networks
• Planning, modeling and optimization of the spectrum-and energy-efficient optical networks
• Energy-saving strategies such as optical bypass, equipment turn off or sleep, etc. and use of renewable energy
• How spectrum efficient transmission technology can help reduce energy consumption?
Workshop format: invited talks followed by panel discussion
Workshop duration: 2~2.5 hours
Invited Presentations:
“Improving the energy efficiency of the network”
Rodney S. Tucker, Melbourne Univ. (Australia),
“Role of optical technologies to create future transport networks”
Ken-ichi Sato, Nagoya Univ. (Japan)
“Spectrum, cost and energy efficiency in next generation fixed-grid and grid-less core optical networks”
Ioannis Tomkos, Athens Information Technology Ctr. (Greece)
“Spectrum and Energy Efficient Elastic Optical Networking”
Masahio Jinno, NTT (Japan)
"BV control plane: experimental results from Tsinghua optical network platform"
Xiaoping Zheng, Tsinghua Univ. (China)
Sunday 13 November
16:00-18:30
Spectrally Efficient and Energy-Efficient Optical Transport Systems and Subsystems
(Organized by ACP3: Optical Transmission Systems, Subsystems, and Technologies)
S. Chandrasekhar, Bell Labs., Alcatel-Lucent (USA)
William Shieh, Univ. of Melbourne (Australia)
Tiejun Xia, Verizon Communications (USA)
To support over 40% annual increase of Internet traffic, optical transport systems, as the backbone of the Internet, need to keep on increasing capacity in a cost-effective manner, which calls for improved performance in both spectral and energy efficiency. For better spectral efficiency, new technologies such as high-level modulation formats, high-speed superchannel formation, and flexible-bandwidth reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers (ROADMs) have been recently introduced.
With the advance in high-speed electronics, high-level modulation formats such as polarization-division multiplexed (PDM) QPSK and QAM formats have been enabled by digital coherent detection. Optical superchannel formation based on coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (CO-OFDM) or Nyquist WDM enables the optical channel data rates to exceed the limitation of electronics. Flexible-bandwidth ROADMs allow these superchannels to be transparently routed in optical mesh networks, and potentially further increase system spectral efficiency by removing the constraint of the traditional ITU-T fixed frequency grids. These new technologies may form the key foundation for future high spectral-efficiency optical systems. In the mean time, there is a big concern on the sustainability of optical transport systems from energy consumption point of view: it is estimated that in 2010 the Internet consumed about 0.5% of the world’s electricity supply, and in 2020 such a percentage would dramatically increase if we continue ‘business-as-usual’ approaches. Various energy saving strategies such as optical bypass and adaptive transponder bit-rates have been widely proposed and evaluated to save energy consumption of the optical transport systems. Achieving high spectral efficiency and energy efficiency is widely considered as one of the most important and urgent research topics for optical transport systems and subsystems.
This workshop aims to review recent progresses in this area. Opinions from both academia and industry (including operators,
component, and equipment vendors) will be sought for a wide-ranging debate. Specifically, the following subjects will be discussed in a 2.5-hour session. Workshop format: invited talks given by experts in this field followed by open discussions and Q&A.
• High-level modulation and digital coherent detection
• Generation and detection of high-spectral-efficiency superchannels
• Software—defined transponders that can adapt to capacity demands and link conditions
• Flexible-bandwidth ROADMs
• Photonic integration for compact and energy-efficient realization of superchannels
• Space-division multiplexed systems
Invited Presentations:
“Trend of optical high-speed transmission”
Peter Winzer, Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent (USA)
“Spectrum and energy efficiency in coherent era”
Seb Savory, University College London (United Kingdom)
“Low-overhead OFDM“
David Plant, McGill University (Canada)
“Theoretical basis for all optical OFDM transmissions“
J. K. Rhee, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (Korea, Republic of)
“Space-multiplexed transmission for spectrum and energy efficiency”
Peter Krummrich, Dortmund University of Technology (Germany)
“Is space-multiplexed transmission energy-efficient?”
Clemens Koebele, Bell Labs, Alcatel-Lucent (France)
“Silicon photonics for spectrum and energy efficient communications”
Thomas L. Koch, Lehigh University (USA)
Sunday 13 November
15:45-18:15
Next Generation Optical Access Technologies and Architectures (NGOA)
Organizers:
Dirk Breuer, Deutsche Telekom AG, Labs. (Germany)
Co-organizers:
Lena Wosinska and Jiajia Chen, Royal Institute of Technology (Sweden)
Fixed access networks are expected to be subject to significant changes in the near future. Current networks were built and optimized based on the capabilities of the available copper cables. Since the physical characteristics of optical fibres, especially low attenuation, and high bandwidth allow for larger areas to be served from single access node new network architectures could be envisioned. Also from an operational perspective it is expected that NGOA will enable reduction of operational expenditures. However, there is a very high cost barrier involved in deployment of optical access networks, which is determining the deployment strategies and technology choices.
This workshop will focus on the main trends in optical access networks with respect to architecture and technology aspects and associated cost drivers. From the technology point of view different options will be considered, such as active and passive optical
network approaches with different scaling limitations in terms of served customers and reach. Fixed-mobile convergence related aspects will also be highlighted. Future evolution scenarios will be elaborated and possible research directions and future access network paradigms will be outlined, motivated and discussed by expert speakers from industry, standardization and academia.
INVITED PRESENTATIONS:
“Technical Trend in Energy-Effi cient Optical Access System”
Susumu Nishihara, NTT Access Network Service Systems Laboratories (Japan)
“Application of WDM-based PON architectures for next-generation optical access using streetaware infrastructure planning”
Achim Autenrieth, ADVA AG Optical Networking (Germany)
“Techno-economic evaluation of WDM-based architectures for next-generation optical access”
Carmen Mas Machuca, Technical Univ. Munich (Germany)
“Distributed, Extendible Heterogeneous Radio Architectures supported by Fiber Optic Networks”
Paulo Pereira Monteiro, Nokia Siemens Network (Portugal)
“Value-Added Service Requirement and Solution of existing ODN”
Xiaoping Zhou, Huawei, China
“NGPON2 solutions to meet future BW and non-BW drivers”
Xiaopeng Lv, ALU (China)
Title TBD, Shoichi Hanatani,
Hitachi (Japan)
Proposal for general workshop concept:
Duration of the
workshop: half day workshop (3-4hours)
Duration per talk: (15 minutes) (10 min/5 min; presentation/discussion). A closing panel discussion will reflect on the key research challenges and practical deployment issues.
Potentials talks:
· operators
· industry
· academia/research
Sunday 13 November
13:30-18:00
Silicon Photonics
Organizer:
Zhiping Zhou, Peking Univ. (China)
Haisheng Rong, Intel (USA)
Silicon Photonics, a technology using silicon as a material platform to develop and fabricate optoelectronic devices, has drawn great attention in recent years due to its promise of cost-effective optoelectronic integration using existing, high-volume CMOS fabrication technology. The main drive for the rapid development of silicon photonics has been its application in energy-efficient, high-speed optical communications and interconnects for high performance computing systems. In the past decade, major silicon photonics building blocks have been developed and proven viable for these high-speed applications. At the same time, other unique optical properties of silicon have been employed for biomedical sensing, nonlinear optics, as well as mid infrared applications. The silicon photonics market is expected to grow even fast in the next decade, however, many challenges still remain. This workshop is to provide a forum for international experts to present and discuss their vision, recent progresses, and future challenges of Silicon Photonics and its applications. A series of invited presentations, covering a variety of subjects, are scheduled for this half-day workshop.
Invited Presentations:
"An Introduction to Silicon Photonics and a brief history of the field"
Graham Reed, Univ. of Surrey (United Kingdom)
"Toward full sensitization in Er doped Si-rich silicon nitride"
Jung H. Shin, KAIST (Republic of Korea)
“Silicon photonics in Germany: activities of the DFG-funded research unit No.653”
Ernst Brinkmeyer, Technische Univ. Hamburg-Harburg (Germany)
“Hybrid integration for complete photonic integration”
Alex Fang, Aurrion, Inc. (USA)
“Silicon microring sensors”
Zhiping Zhou, Peking Univ. (China)
"Application of Ge/Si devices for Silicon Photonics"
Dong Pan, SiFotonics (China)
Additional Invited Speakers:
Thomas Koch, Lehigh Univ. (USA)
Kazumi Wada, Univ. of Tokyo (Japan)
Sunday 13 November
13:30-15:30
SC1: Photonics CAD and Applications
Organizers:
Wei-Ping Huang, McMaster Univ. (Canada)
Chenglin Xu, RSoft Design Group, Inc. (USA)
After more than 20 years development, photonics CAD has become an indispensable tool for students, researchers, and engineers in the photonics field. Despite the fact that the photonics CAD still in its primitive stage in comparison with its counterparts in microelectronics and microwaves, the field is rapidly evolving with technical innovations and practical applications. With the help of commercial and proprietary CAD software, one can visualize the physical phenomena easily, optimize the device performance practically, and even inspire some new ideas and inventions.
This short course is offered by two highly accomplished individuals whose early research and commercialization work have
had significant impact on the development of photonics CAD today. The course is structured in two parts, namely, theories and applications. The theory will offer a high-level intuitive review of the underlying mathematical models and numerical techniques. In particular, a powerful hierarchical model for photonics CAD will be discussed. It decomposes a large and complex problem into a number of small and simple problems at different levels, namely material, waveguide, device, and circuit. The benefits and the detail structure of the hierarchical model, as well as the links between different levels will be explained. The underline algorithms used at different levels will be described.
In the second application part, the available software products on the market will be reviewed first. The focus will be their applications, including both conventional applications, such as waveguide couplers, filters, resonators, as well as some latest new applications, such as surface plasmonics, negative index materials, photonic crystal, solar cell, and LED, etc. The first-hand experiences will be shared and subtleties for different applications will be addressed.
Benefits and Learning Objectives
• Gain general knowledge about the methodology in photonics CAD
• Understand the basics of different algorithms and their applicable scopes
• Get an overall picture about the current photonics CAD market and available products and have a general idea about their capabilities and applications
• See examples in different application areas, both conventional and new
• Carry on your own simulation by determining solution strategy and simulation tools
Intended Audience
• Students who are learning the fundamental of photonics
• Professors who are teaching photonics by visualizing the phenomena
• Researchers who are exploring novel ideas
• Engineers who are optimizing their designs
